Theme 3 · Deep-dive

Credits and removals — a complement, never a substitute.

The most common misconception is that carbon credits only deal with the small residual left at net-zero in 2050. They don't. V2.0 introduces a structured role for credits across the whole journey — but always on top of real reductions, never instead of them.

1 · What carbon credits actually cover

Credits cover your ongoing emissions — not just the 2050 residual.

A company keeps emitting while it decarbonises. V2.0 calls these your ongoing emissions — the emissions produced year after year on the path to net-zero. The role of credits is defined in three distinct phases, and only the last is about the 2050 residual.

Credits address emissions you produce today while transitioning — not only the residual emissions remaining at net-zero.

emissions today 2035 net-zero (≤2050) ONGOING EMISSIONS produced while you decarbonise Phase 1 · voluntary OER — now Phase 2 · Cat A removals duty — 2035+ Phase 3 · neutralise residual eligible removals at net-zero Credits engage the whole shaded area over time — not only the small block at the end.
The three phases — voluntary recognition now, a Category A removals duty from 2035, and residual neutralisation at net-zero.

The three phases

Phase 1 · effective now

Voluntary OER recognition — for ongoing emissions

What it covers
A defined share of your current ongoing emissions across scopes 1, 2 and 3 — addressed through high-integrity climate contributions, beyond your validated targets.
Status
Optional. Recognised publicly on the SBTi Dashboard at three levels (below).
Phase 2 · from 2035

Category A removals duty

What it covers
From 2035, Category A companies must support eligible carbon removals for a defined and rising share of covered emissions — at least 10% of long-lived-GHG emissions, increasing linearly to 100% by the net-zero year.
Status
Mandatory for Category A; runs in parallel with the voluntary recognition model.
Phase 3 · at net-zero

Neutralisation of the residual

What it covers
At the net-zero year and thereafter, reduce emissions to zero/residual and neutralise all residual emissions with eligible carbon removals. This is the only phase about the 2050 residual.
Status
Required for any company with a net-zero target.
The hard rule across all three phases

Credits and removals are a complement, never a substitute, for cutting emissions. They are reported separately and are not netted off your inventory or counted toward target progress. The core of the framework remains reducing your own emissions.

2 · The OER recognition levels

Three levels, by how much you cover and how you deliver.

Under the voluntary programme you pick a level. Levels differ by the share of ongoing emissions you cover and the delivery approach — supporting verified mitigation outcomes, and/or a contribution budget priced per tonne.

Engaged ≥ 1% of total ongoing emissions Deliver via EITHER verified mitigation outcomes — or — a contribution budget no mandated price Advanced ≥ 10% of total ongoing emissions incl. 100% of scope 1 + 2 Deliver via EITHER verified mitigation outcomes — or — a contribution budget at $20 / tCO₂e Leadership 100% Category A: total ongoing Category B: ≥ 10% (incl. 100% S1+2) Deliver via BOTH contribution budget at $80 / tCO₂e AND verified mitigation outcomes
OER recognition levels — coverage rises left to right; Leadership represents full internalisation of the climate cost.

The $80/tCO₂e Leadership benchmark reflects the lower end of science-based carbon-price estimates; the $20 Advanced benchmark reflects observed corporate practice. Both are kept under review.

3 · Definitions that matter

High-integrity, eligible credits, and eligible removals.

These three terms are often used loosely. The SBTi defines each precisely — and they are not interchangeable.

High-integrity (the integrity criteria, C42)

An activity supported under the OER programme must meet recognised third-party high-integrity criteria and, at minimum, the SBTi's own: due diligence on the implementer and activity; do no harm (human rights, biodiversity, Indigenous Peoples and local communities); avoid carbon lock-in; additionality; independent accredited assurance; and regulatory surplus when counted at the Engaged level.

Source: CNZS V2.0 §6.3 (C42)
Eligible carbon credits (for OER, C41–C43)

Credits used for ongoing-emissions responsibility must come from activities delivering ex-post, independently third-party-assured outcomes in tCO₂e; reduce emissions outside your value chain and/or restore natural sinks and/or remove carbon. They must be permanently retired when claimed, not double-claimed, and reported separately. A credit is generally a unit representing one tonne of CO₂e avoided, reduced or removed.

Note — credits used for target implementation (C26) are different: for scopes 1–2 they must be reflected in your physical inventory, be additional, and pass causality and leakage tests. OER credits sit outside the inventory.

Source: CNZS V2.0 §6.2–6.4 (C41–C43); cf. C26
Eligible carbon removals (for neutralisation, C46)

To neutralise residual emissions, removal activities must: deliver verified mitigation outcomes in tCO₂e within the same reporting period as the residual emissions; meet the C42 integrity criteria; and may occur within or outside your value chain. Durability must match the gas: residual long-lived GHGs must be neutralised with long-lived removals; other residuals with short-lived, long-lived, or a mix.

From 2035, long-lived removals must cover at least 10% of covered long-lived-GHG emissions, rising linearly to 100% by the net-zero year.

Source: CNZS V2.0 §6.6 (C45.4, C46)
Worked example

A Category A manufacturer at Advanced level covers 100% of scope 1+2 and 10% of total ongoing emissions, delivering a $20/tCO₂e contribution budget toward high-integrity verified mitigation. This is recognised on the SBTi Dashboard — and reported entirely separately from its validated reduction targets.

By its net-zero year, its remaining residual long-lived emissions must be neutralised with long-lived removals — a different, durability-matched requirement.

V1 → V2 comparison (direct quotes) & references
Version 1.3.1Version 2.0
“A voluntary ‘Beyond Value Chain Mitigation’ recommendation…outside the company's value chain.”Transition Guide, p.18 (R12)“…participate in the optional Ongoing Emissions Responsibility (OER) recognition program.”Transition Guide, p.18 (Ch.6)
“…neutralise 100% of residual emissions across all scopes at the net-zero target year.”Transition Guide, p.19 (C28)“…take responsibility for at least 1% of ongoing emissions in 2035, rising linearly…”Transition Guide, p.19 (Ch.6)
Full detail: CNZS V2.0 Chapter 6 (C39–C46)
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